types of article writing with examples

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The 4 Main Types of Writing Styles and How to Use Them as a Writer

Understanding the 4 main types of writing styles can help you grow as a writer and attract an audience for your written work. Here’s how to identify each style of writing and tips for using each of the 4 common writing styles to develop your written skills.

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One of the things that can help you grow as a writer is to learn the 4 main types of writing styles and use the characteristics of each to further develop your own personal voice as a writer.

By learning how to use the different writing styles in your work, you will not only improve your skills as writer, but also learn ways to better connect with your audience of readers.

In this post we’ll cover the 4 main types of writing styles and how to use them as a writer to create compelling books, stories, essays, poetry, articles and more.

What are Writing Styles?

Writing styles are basically another way of saying the form or type of written work you are creating. Think of it as a classification for being able to identify what kind of writing you are creating.

For example, if you are writing a cookbook, that is a completely different style of writing than if you were writing a steamy romance novel!

Each writing style has a different purpose – and therefore, different characteristics are present when you are writing each type of different work.

Now that we understand what a writing style is – let’s talk about the 4 main writing styles which are commonly talked about amongst writers and literary educators.

The 4 Main Writing Styles & What They Mean

The four main writing styles which are commonly recognized are expository , descriptive , narrative , and persuasive .

Style #1: Expository

The definition of expository is this: “intended to explain or describe something.”

Most types of written work that fall into this category explain something in more detail, or provide insight and instruction in regards to a particular topic.

What types of writing fall into this category of expository writing style?

While there are many different types of written work which can be categorized as expository style of writing, you can often identify this type of writing by noticing the purpose of the work.

Here are some examples of the different types of writing pieces which can fall into the category of expository writing:

When you write expository style pieces, your main goal as a writer is to inform your readers with insight and facts that pertain to the subject of your piece.

For example, if you are writing about the history of ice cream, you would be including a lot of research and fun facts into your piece.

Note that this type of writing style is not intended to persuade or influence your audience. In writing your piece on the history of ice cream, you would NOT be trying to persuade your readers.

You would not want to say things like “Everybody should eat ice cream!” and “These 5 reasons will convince you forever to choose strawberry swirl flavored ice cream as your favorite flavor.”

Sometimes it can be confusing on whether an article is expository or persuasive. For example, an article called “The 5 Unexpected Health Benefits of Ice Cream” – would not fall into expository writing, even though it is providing information.

The word “benefits” has a positive connotation to the title. If you were to be writing an article on possible health benefits on ice cream, it would be very important that you as the writer keep your opinion separated from the facts and information if you plan for it to be an expository style piece. To be expository in nature, you would want to use a title such as “Scientists Research The Health Effects of Ice Cream.”

Books and articles that explain how to do something are also very popular examples of expository writing. Cookbooks are very popular, as they explain to others the tips, techniques, and recipes on how to cook something. How-to books for hobbies and crafts are also a good example of this type of writing.

Style #2: Descriptive Writing

Descriptive writing goes deeper than expository writing. While expository writing might have some descriptive details and factual information, descriptive writing will make use of many writing elements and literary devices such as metaphors and similes.

The purpose and goal of descriptive writing is to bring your reader into the written work as if the reader were to be experiencing it first hand.

Most fictional pieces fall under the category of descriptive writing, and even some non-fiction pieces such as memoirs and creative non-fiction can fall under the category of a descriptive writing style.

If you are writing fiction, the more descriptive you can be with your words, the more relatable your story will be to the reader.

For example, we recommend that writers ask their characters questions as one way to really intimately understand the details about a character. Details about the setting, events, and people present in a story will help your readers be able to imagine and understand the piece.

This style also includes poetry. If you browse through some of our poetry writing prompts , you will see there is a lot of attention put on using details to create a scene or feeling in writing a poem!

Here are some examples of types of descriptive writing pieces:

Most pieces using only a descriptive writing style are not very long. It is uncommon for a fictional novel to be 100% fully descriptive without getting into our next writing style, which is narrative writing.

Style #3: Narrative Writing

Narrative writing is far more complex that simple descriptive writing.

While a poem for example may describe a scene or even events or people – generally you do not get into the deep inner thoughts of the characters or even get a full story with a clear middle, beginning, and end complete with conflict and dialogue.

Nearly all fiction novels fall into the case of narrative writing, as well as longer epic poems and sagas.

In narrative writing, there is a story to be told – a clear plot complete with setting, characters, dialogue, conflict and resolution. A narrative piece often has a timeline or sequence of events which further build to the point of conflict and resolution.

Here are some examples of the works which would be considered to have a narrative writing style:

Narrative writing pieces are generally easy to identify, although sometimes it can be confused with descriptive writing styles. The key difference in determining which one a written work might be is whether or not there is a developed storyline or plot.

If there is a well developed plot and storyline, you are most likely reading narrative writing.

Style #4: Persuasive Writing

A speech to convince others to vote for you is an example of persuasive writing.

Persuasive writing is a type of writing style where the purpose is to influence someone into believing or doing something. As the word “persuasive” suggests – your goal is to persuade someone’s actions or thoughts to align with your own goals as the writer.

The persuasive writing essay is a popular homework assignment for many kids. For example, a student might be assigned to write an essay to convince their parents of something. “Why We Should Get a Pet Rabbit” and “5 Reasons You Should Not Make Me Clean My Room”.

Persuasive writing is intended to convince someone of something, and so it usually needs to have a good bit of research and logical analysis – but also should attempt to make an emotional connection to the desired audience as well.

A classic piece of writing which serves as an example of persuasive writing is Thomas Paine’s book Common Sense , which was written in the Colonial times of the American Revolutionary War, urging citizens that separating from England was of utmost importance.

Here are some examples of types of writing which are persuasive writing:

When the intention of the work is to convince the audience of something – this falls into persuasive writing.

How to Use the 4 Main Different Writing Styles as a Writer

Now that we know the different types of writing styles, you may be wondering how do you use each style?

The first thing to do is think about what you are planning to write and what the intention is. What is your goal and what type of message are you trying to communicate to your readers?

Expository Style Writing:

In this type of writing your goal is to inform your readers about research or data.

When writing expository style pieces, follow these guidelines:

Descriptive Writing Style:

This type of writing has the goal to describe something and bring into your reader’s imaginations

Here are some tips for writing with descriptive writing styles:

Narrative Writing Style:

In narrative writing style, your goal is to convey a storyline to your readers.

Here is how to achieve this type of writing style:

Persuasive Writing Style:

When you are writing to persuade, your intention is to convince your readers to side with you. This can be as simple as convincing them to buy your latest new product, or even writing about important social and humanitarian issues.

Here are some tips for writing persuasively:

Understanding Writing Styles Can Help You Be a Better Writer

No matter what type of writing you enjoy creating – understanding the basic main 4 types of writing styles can help you become a better writer.

If you are writing a how-to article for example, you will be able to understand what types of elements to ensure your piece of work includes. If you’re writing a descriptive poem, knowing what type of language to use can help convey your message for abstract concepts.

Use these different writing styles as a fun writing exercise!

Even if you typically only write for one style, it can be a lot of fun to push yourself to try to write for the different types of styles. For example, try writing a persuasive essay, and then a descriptive essay on the same topic. It can also be fun to write a descriptive poem and then turn it into a narrative essay or short story.

Not sure what to write about using these different writing styles? We have TONS of ideas for you with many different writing prompts! Check out our list of 365 writing prompts ideas which are sure to inspire your creative muse!

Using prompts is a great way to help you start writing in different writing styles and push yourself to a new exciting challenge for your writing skills!

I hope this article about the different writing styles and how you can use them as a writer will be helpful for you in building and developing your written skillset.

What types of writing styles do you enjoy writing the most? Have any tips for writing in expository, descriptive, narrative or persuasive styles of writing? We’d love to hear your ideas and experiences in the comments section below!

Chelle Stein wrote her first embarrassingly bad novel at the age of 14 and hasn't stopped writing since. As the founder of ThinkWritten, she enjoys encouraging writers and creatives of all types.

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To which writing style would a conversational manner apply best?

A writing that talks about the cages people Live can be classified as what type?

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What are Writing Techniques?

Writing techniques refer to different styles and literary devices a writer can use to communicate a message to the reader. Creative writing techniques are particularly important to follow if you plan on having anybody enjoy your writing.

In your career, you’ll need to write various types of writing meant for different target readers. Knowing how to apply the best writing techniques can help you adjust your style to the audience you’re writing for and reach your goal.

Most of these writing techniques are also covered in MasterClass where you can learn from famous writers such as Neil Gaiman to name a few.

#1: Use metaphors

A metaphor is a literary device where you refer to an object by describing something else similar (especially when readers are more familiar with that something else). Using metaphors isn’t desirable when you need to write directly, but there are topics that allow more creativity.

This technique can make your article more interesting and lively. Keep in mind that the metaphor is an effective literary device that can bring your creative writing to a whole new level.

Compared to a metaphor, a simile directly compares two things and can be used much more frequently, albeit often lacking the desired narrative effect that a good metaphor can bring to a story. Metaphors also shine in a poem or a memoir, where similes might fail in that regard for being too unimaginative.

#2: Storytelling

It’s one of the most popular writing techniques in marketing. Storytelling allows you to use narration, description, and create the whole event in the mind of your reader. It’s particularly useful in persuasive writing, like when you’re telling a client’s story to gain the trust of a prospective one.

A solid narrative writing technique is critical to master if you plan on telling a story that people will actually want to listen to. It might sound odd, but the fact is that this is even more important for writing something like a short story, when you want to convey a full story in just a few pages.

Fiction writers often have a much harder time with storytelling as it’s all made up out of thin air, and not based on real life. Having good grammar is crucial because you could be a great storyteller but your story would have less of an impact if the reader notices little errors every now and then.

#3: Use euphemisms

A milder expression used to avoid offending someone or sounding too negative is called a euphemism. If you think your article sounds too pessimistic, you can use euphemisms to make it sound more cheerful. For example, instead of saying that something is annoying, you can use “not very pleasant.”

Example screenshot of writing techniques (euphemisms).

( Image Source )

#4: Use empathy

Using emotive language and showing empathy for your readers means you describe their feelings and showing them you understand. This technique makes your writing more relatable and establishes a good relationship between you and your audience.

Empathy is a great literary device to use in expository writing, when you want people to listen to the truth and to side with your opinion.

#5: Be specific

Instead of being vague and using general information, don’t be afraid to be more specific when writing. Don’t say you use many writing techniques to improve your writing – tell your readers what they are. It will contribute to them perceiving you as an expert.

Yeah, it all starts with an idea, but it needs to be a specific and refined idea if you want it to make sense in the grand scheme of things.

#6: Use active voice

Putting the verbs in the active voice will make your article more dynamic. When you use too many passive constructions , it can slow down your storyline and make it unclear. But when you express the verbs in the active form, you can encourage your audience to take some action.

#7: Use colloquial language

Sometimes, your topic will require a conversational tone. It’s like you’re talking to a friend. This technique is common when your readers are young. They can relate better to an article that doesn’t feature too many “big” words that they might have to look up. When it comes to things like business writing however, using colloquial language might not be the best idea.

#8: Use hyperbole

When you need to emphasize a point in your article and you don’t want to repeat yourself, you can use a hyperbole. It refers to excessive exaggeration, like in the following example: I told you a million times to stop biting your nails.

Example screenshot of writing techniques (hyperbole).

You can also use this technique for persuasion purposes. Take a look at this example from Mark Twain’s “Old Times on the Mississippi.” Using hyperbole can often be an effective tool to use in persuasive writing.

#9: Target positive emotions

Using a light tone and lots of positive words in your article can provoke positive emotions in your readers. Focus on love, empowering messages, humor, and optimism when writing.

One of the best recent examples is the story of the fireman who saved numerous animals from a fire in Australia. The photo of him giving water to a koala quickly went viral, giving people hope.

#10: Use descriptions

Describing is one of the basic writing techniques. Use adjectives and consult a thesaurus to find more picturesque synonyms for your words. It’s something like painting with words – you’re helping the reader visualize your story. That’s why we sometimes don’t like the choice of actors when watching a movie based on a book.

We’ve been imagining them differently. The paragraph in the picture illustrates the point perfectly.

#11: Create an unexpected turn

Letting your reader think that the plot will go one way and then creating an unexpected turn of events can make them sit up and listen. The best thrillers are based on this writing technique. Sudden changes in the storyline can make the reader race to the end of the text.

#12: Use assonance and alliteration

These writing techniques refer to the use of specific words where sounds and vowels repeat. It can add to a better flow of your article or make it sound more poetic, if necessary. It can also sound very catchy if you’re writing slogans, for instance.

You’ve probably heard of Jaguar’s slogan: “Don’t dream it. Drive it.”

This is an example of alliteration — one of the best literary devices out there in terms of descriptive writing that really pops off the page.

Example screenshot of writing techniques: assonance and alliteration.

#13: Avoid digressions

Among all the writing techniques, this one may be the toughest when you’re writing about a personal experience. Make sure you stick to the main storyline and skip unnecessary details and digressions. You don’t want to leave the reader confused – they may miss the point of your article.

#14: Use the PAS formula

PAS stands for “problem, agitate, solution.” This is a great template to follow if you’re not sure where to start. It’s quite good for writing “how to” articles. First, identify the issue. Then agitate to make it more painful (but not too far). Then offer a solution.

#15: Use a proven structure

A familiar structure, such as the one we all use for writing essays in school, can prevent you from losing track. Introduce the topic, analyze the existing data, raise counterarguments, and then conclude. Sticking to a structure like this will create a logical flow and make your writing look neat.

#16: Write in the first person

Writing in first person may sound more persuasive. If you’ve written an article, but it doesn’t feel trustworthy to you, it probably won’t sound convincing to your readers either. If you put the whole article into the first person, it may have the effect of a testimonial and higher validity.

Example screenshot of writing techniques: first, second and third person.

Academic Writing Techniques

While the above techniques are great for general use articles, novels, and professional writing, there is a notable exception that requires a different set of rules.

Academic writing much prefers the use of passive voice. Sentences in a passive voice might appear dull and boring, but they are much better at conveying objectivity and distance from the subject of the academic paper at hand.

However, some recent scientific papers have also called for the increased use of active writing to make researchers and scientists appear more involved in the process rather than merely being observers.

The use of passive voice can also apply to writing an essay. In education, knowing how to best approach a subject and write objectively about it is the key to submitting a successful academic paper, no matter your knowledge or education level.

Additionally, using hyperbole or colloquialism is highly discouraged. A scientific paper aims to convey facts, and as such, the related writing process will naturally differ from the works of a fiction writer, who has much more freedom.

Additionally, it helps to write in the third person, as these have to be rather impersonal. On the opposite end of the spectrum is the memoir, which is the incarnation of subjectivity.

Can Online Tools Help?

If you don’t think you have a handle on the above-mentioned techniques, there are several apps available that can help you with them.

English writing technique assistants have evolved from simple grammar and spell checker software to become AI-powered and effective at helping writers achieve their potential.

Microsoft Word has a basic spell checker and punctuation module that will eliminate small errors that can ruin what is generally good writing. Google Docs have a similar feature. However, these don’t have the necessary robustness to be sufficient for fiction writing or story crafting.

Grammarly is a great online tool that has a free version to get you started on your writing journey. While the free add-on is pretty bare-bone, only focusing on basic sentence structure, misspellings, and punctuation, the Premium version includes more options. These include repetition checking, as well as the detection of generally overused words or phrases.

Grammarly can also be set according to your writing technique and writing style, meaning that you can use it for an academic paper, essay, poem, or story.

Another great app for this purpose is Writer . However, it focuses more on professional writing, brand awareness, and a cohesive writing style among groups of writers. It also has several advanced features, such as improving a writing method by suggesting words already used or favored by your company.

With Writer , you can craft a story related to your brand that resonates across the platforms you use and captivates your target audience with good writing, storytelling, and character.

On the other hand, the Scrivener app is all you need to craft a compelling story, outline your memoir, or decide where to go next with your narrative. It has excellent features that make a story easy to sort, separate, and overview, as well as great character sheets that can be used for reference at any time.

Find What Works for You

We hope this article helps you understand writing techniques better. It’s essential to remember that you should experiment and mix different techniques until you find what works for you and your audience. The bottom line is that it’s the reader that needs to enjoy and understand your writing.

If you experience the writer’s block, just select one of these and start writing whatever comes to your mind. It’s an excellent way to break the blockade.

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Article Writing Format, Topics, Examples | How To Write an Article

February 15, 2023 by Veerendra

Article Writing: Do you know exactly how to write an article to get maximum audience traffic? you have come to the right page. Here we are going to discuss what is it, format for Article Writing, Article Writing Topics & Examples, How to Write an Article? and Article Writing Rules for creating unique, inspiring & influencing articles.

Article Writing Format, Topics, Examples | How To Write an Article and Article Writing Rules

Check out this entire article & know complete idea about writing perfect articles on various topics like person, place, things, current trending issues, technical & non-technical advancements, etc. However, you will also find a wide range of Article Writing Topics on different subjects here. Look no further just dive into this ultimate article writing guide.

Topics & Examples of Article Writing

This section is the heart of this article where you can view the most awaiting content about article writing ie., Topics & Sample examples. The best & traffic attained article writing topics like health, education, creativity, technical developments, productivity, and many more are shared here in the accessible links. From this list of the collection, you will definitely find interesting articles that are important for your board exams or competitions or magazines.

Are you ready to dive in? Check out the below list & pick any of the article writing topics that you are excited to publish.

What is Article Writing?

An article is a written work published in a print/electronic medium. It may be for the purpose of delivering news, researching results, academic analysis, or debate. Usually, an article is a piece of writing that is published in a newspaper or Magazine for guiding a large audience on a particular topic or subject. The main objective to write an article is to make some changes to the world by presenting facts, stats, or views.

Well, there are so many objectives of Article Writing on various topics like society, persons, locations, rising-issues, and technical developments. It influences some readers and some may fail in audience perception because of messiness in your article writing. So, following the correct format of writing an article may convey your views, facts, or stats to the world.

Article Writing Format

To write a perfect article, one should have in-depth knowledge about the topic to deliver 100% information regarding the product, services, brands, etc., Well, you need to do some research and also planning before start writing an article. To make your article stood out of the crowd & gain max audience traffic; some basic format for article writing is necessary. The article writing format is given below.

The format of an article consists of the following parts:

1. HEADING: It should be catchy & also need to relate to the reader’s search term. The length of the heading shouldn’t cross 5-6 words. Think creatively & impressed audience or readers with this one line & increase their anxiety to continue their read in your article.

2. BY LINE: It means the name of the person writing the article. It is generally given in the question. If asked then only write your personal details.

3. BODY: The body is the main part of article writing which carries more weightage of marks. Usually, the body of the article consists of at least 3 to 4 paragraphs.

4. CONCLUSION: Final paragraph of an article should be like recommendation, anticipation, views, appeal, etc where readers’ must feel happy with your article.

Checking out this format & try to implement it during the article writing as it is very important for all students of CBSE and other boards to secure more marks & readers’ attention.

How To Write an Article?

The following steps guide you on how to write an article in a well-structured manner which helps you grab your audience’s attention & traffic for web-based published articles.

Article Writing Rules – Rules for Writing a Good Articles

FAQs on Article Writing Format | Topics of Article Writing & Article Writing Tips

1. What is the format for article writing?

There are four stages that students should remember while writing an article on any of the subjects. By following the structure you can reach more audiences with your article. So, check out the structure for article writing & publish it in that form for gaining a huge traffic. The article writing format is as follows:

2. Where can I get a huge variety of article writing topics to fulfill the reader’s needs?

You can find a wide range of article writing topics from our page along with related information about article writing like tips, rule, format, & how to write it uniquely.

3. What are some good topics to write an article?

You can avail the list of good article topics on our website Aplustopper.com along with some enough examples of article writing on our page.

4. What are some best tips to write good articles?

Here are some of the important tips to write good articles:

Writing Transitions — Types and Examples

What is a transition?

A transition is a word or phrase used to help connect a writer's thoughts and ideas. Transitions allow readers to easily follow the progression of the writing. To enhance the flow, writers use transition words within paragraphs, between paragraphs, and between sections.

Writers use short phrases (2-3 words) or single linking words to connect ideas within a paragraph . These transitions are subtle and highlight the relationship of the elements within the paragraph.

To connect ideas between paragraphs , writers typically utilize transition phrases that identify the logical connection between the two. These phrases can either be at the end of the paragraph with the concluding remark or at the beginning of the new paragraph with the topic sentence .

Longer works that have multiple sections incorporate transition paragraphs to connect large portions of the text. These paragraphs often summarize the information that preceded it while connecting it to what follows.

Transition words and phrases

When transitioning within and between paragraphs, writers incorporate certain connecting words and phrases that help organize their thoughts and ideas. These words and phrases can also indicate shifts, comparisons, results, examples, and importance. Regardless of the purpose of the transition word or phrase, they can be at the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence.

Sentence transitions

By using common transition words in sentences, writers can accomplish the following:

Detail the logical relationship that exists between the previous argument or sentence and what follows.

Provide readers with a blueprint for how to combine the ideas to understand the purpose of the essay.

Avoid choppy and abrupt writing by creating a smooth organizational flow.

Types of transitions

The main types of transitions include addition, contrast, emphasis, and summary:

How to transition to another paragraph

To transition from one paragraph to another, consider the connection, transition, focus, and sentence:

Determine how each paragraph connects to the writer's purpose.

Identify the type of transition needed.

Briefly highlight the focus or key topic of each paragraph.

Compose a sentence utilizing a transition word/phrase while detailing the purpose of the paragraph before and after the transition.

Transition examples

The following sentences utilize the various types of transitional words and phrases:

The weather report predicted low temperatures all week. Furthermore , there will be snow showers for the next two days.

In addition to birthday cake, there was ice cream at the party.

He had no problem driving everyone to school that morning. Besides , he wanted to show off his new car.

The new study will not earn any additional funding. As a result , the lab will close.

She had no idea that the storm knocked out the power last night. Consequently , there was no alarm to wake her up in the morning.

The contractor was three hours late to an appointment. For this reason , the homeowner decided to hire someone else.

When the book was originally released, it was a best seller. Likewise , the sequel was just as successful.

In comparison to her other artwork, this piece was similarly abstract.

The drink should be made with ice cream in the same way as a milkshake.

They were all able to buy tickets to the new movie even though they were late.

Although the temperature was below freezing, they were still able to go sledding.

We luckily caught our flight despite the fact that we were stuck in traffic for an hour.

Their dog barks constantly throughout the day; however , their cat just lays in the sun.

The farmer desperately needed it to rain, yet the drought continued.

He was so quiet when he was young, but since he left for school, he has become quite social.

The class always went outside for recess, even when it was raining.

The promotion increased her salary more than she thought. In fact , she was able to buy a new car thanks to the raise.

The weather here is always dry, so much so that most yards have little to no grass.

Had had many other options he could have chosen for vacation. For example , he could have gone to Hawaii.

The gardener seemed to have missed trimming some of the trees. For instance , both maple trees look unchanged.

The art teacher used the Mona Lisa to illustrate da Vinci's work.

The CEO referenced the report the employee had mentioned earlier .

The coach expected to see some improvement eventually .

After dinner, they were finally able to move on to dessert.

In the distance , he could see they were approaching the beach.

Off to one side were the instructions for the table, while the ones for the chair were nearby .

Their new house is adjacent to the park.

In conclusion , the author used the story as a metaphor for growing up.

In the end , no one was able to solve the equation.

In other words , the experiment was a complete success.

The following examples include transition sentences used to connect paragraphs:

While Golding uses the character of Simon to show man's instinctual nature, he incorporates Piggy to showcase man's rational side.

The transition indicates that the writer is moving from a paragraph that analyzes Simon's role in The Lord of the Flies while introducing the purpose of the following paragraph -- an analysis of Piggy.

Even though early experiments suggested the medication had little impact on treating the disease, more recent tests have proven otherwise.

The transition identifies that the following paragraph will contrast with the previous paragraph concerning the effectiveness of the medication.

While it is important for students to have a solid foundation in the sciences, the arts also play an essential role in their academic development.

The transition highlights that the focus of the next paragraph will be the benefits of the arts, while the previous paragraph detailed the advantages of the sciences.

Types of Writing Genres: A Short Guide

In this blog, we will discuss the different types of writing genres. Every genre of writing has its mindset and set of expectations. Genres are the tool for creativity and provide various perspectives to tell your story in different ways.

As a writer, your work will fit into a certain genre whether you want it or not, and that is purely based on what you are creating. On one side, some work may fit into one Genre. On the other hand, some may have different genres.

There are three different types of writing genres that we will take a look at in this blog. We have separated writing genres like Professional Writing, Literary Writing, and, lastly, Academic Writing.

If you’re wondering which one is right for you then this is the right place for you.

Here we will discover different writing genres that you need to know!

So, without further ado, let’s dive into it!

Table of Contents

What are Writing Genres?

The writing Genre is mostly called the name of Literary Genre. It is a type of narrative that can be used or written. Mostly, it is used for one purpose only to share emotions, ideas, and news with other people. Writing Genre is used to tell the story interestingly.

Writing within each Genre will reflect a whole new story and share several features like rhyme, image, and stylistic devices. The main focus of each Genre is to describe the events, theory, and several ideas in certain ways. In other words, the aim of each writing genre is how the elements are conveyed and described.

What are the Different Types of Writing Genres?

Three main types of Writing Genres are as follows:

Professional Writing Genre (Types of Writing Genres)

Social media .

Social Media is a growing genre in business communication. The level of discussion in social media may vary depending on the topic and audience. Well-considered successful post on social media to help understand how it’s used to reach a wider target audience.

Business Letters

It can be both formal and informal. A perfectly written business letter shows the reader why it is important. If you want successful communication, then a structured approach is very important.

Memos

Well, Memos provide a clear summary, and the most crucial information is given at the beginning, but Paper Memos are no longer used nowadays. A positive tone is used to help the reader understand what the author is trying to say, making it appropriate for the users.

In the past, memos were considered the best business correspondence. The Main Guideline of the memo still exists, even if the median of the paper memo has been changed.

Meeting Minutes

Meeting Minutes include dates, times, attendees, and location. This is the standard format of Meeting Minutes. It is also important to record the most crucial details to avoid any misunderstanding later.

As a result, there are many ways involved in recording meeting minutes. The minutes should be uniform with the location and names. Unnecessary information should be avoided so that it can not cause any difficulty later.

This is the end of the Professional writing genre. Now we move to the Literary writing genre, and lastly, we will continue with the Academic Genre.

Literary Writing Genre (Types of Writing Genres)

Mystery .

This Genre is mostly associated with crime, mainly murder, but it does have to be. Any story which involves the unraveling of a secret or mystery would be considered within this Genre.

This Genre often describes a criminal investigation or legal case. Well, the most popular novel is The Sherlock Holmes Story. Mystery novels are a genre that typically has a problem to solve.

Category of Mystery Genre:

Literary nonfiction

Literary nonfiction is all about real events and people. Nonfiction can be found in magazines like The Atlantic, The New York, and Harper’s Magazine.

This type of Genre is associated with creating feelings of fear and dread. Some of you might think of this Genre as full of “blood and gore”. Anything which creates negative feelings about something will come under the category of Horror.

Horror is the genre of film, literature, and TV shows. The main aim of the horror genre is to create fear.

Gothic novels are an example of ancient horror literature. On the other hand, Stephen King is considered the father of modern horror literature. Well, nowadays, new writers have pushed the boundaries of horror stories. Writers include John Langan, Stephen Graham Jones, and many more.

In the Historical Genre, the story takes place in the past. Sometimes real people are included to interact with the fictional character to create a sense of realism.

Romance

This Genre deals with the love stories between two people. The element of romance can be found in many types of literature. Romance has been there since ancient times, but time travels so fast, and the paranormal romances have become more popular nowadays.

Science Fiction

As the name suggests, Science Fiction is the genre that deals with science and technology in society. Science fiction is a special type of Genre that includes elements of time travel, futuristic societies, and space. People often call Science Fiction ( Sci-Fi ) .

Magical realism

Magical realism is a type of literature in which the real world is depicted with an influence of magic and fantasy. In magical realism, the stories may occur in the real world but with some supernatural elements. Magical realism has close ties with Latin American Authors. Magical realism is used by literature from around the globe.

Fantasy novels are fiction stories that are set in imaginary universes. This Genre is inspired by folklore and mythology that is enjoyed by both children and adults

Dystopian novels are about futuristic and oppressive societies. In other words, the Dystopian novel features some political and social unrest. It can help us examine real types of fear like mass surveillance by the government.

Graphic Fiction

Graphic Fiction is the category of Graphic Novels and Comic Books.

Short Stories

Well, this type of Genre may fit into any number of genres. In Short stories, there is only one plot to it, no subplot in this Genre.

Tall Tales stories are not realistic or don’t try to become realistic.

Academic Writing Genre (Types of Writing Genres)

Analytical writing.

In Analytical writing, the author has a chance to include persuasive writing. A common layout uses the structure of methods, results, introduction, summary, and discussion.

Professional Writing

Professional Writing is a wide category that includes emails, studies, reports, business letters, and summaries. If you are writing for a client, then it is beneficial for you to follow the style rule of the company.

Argumentative Writing

Argumentative writing is a type of academic essay. In this, the writer breaks down an idea into its parts and then offers evidence for each part. This writing is mostly based on understanding and reading fiction or nonfiction texts.

Argumentative writing has three sections:

Most Common Types of Writing Genres That You Should Know

Descriptive writing .

In Descriptive writing, the author writes about every aspect of the person, place, or event and describes all aspects in detail.

Example of Descriptive Writing:

Expository Writing

Expository writing is used to educate the reader. So the main goal of expository writing is to teach the reader rather than entertainment.

Example of Expository Writing:

Narrative Writing

Narrative Writing is used to tell people what happens somewhere or with someone. Narrative Writing includes Fiction and nonfiction. Whereas nonfiction is based on real events, and fiction writing is completely made up.

Example of Narrative Writing:

Persuasive Writing

Persuasive writing is used to convince the reader about something. This type of writing is written when the author has a strong opinion on something. It is used to encourage people to take action regarding any issue.

Example of Persuasive Writing:

Now you know the different types of writing genres and their most used forms. So which Genre or form is close to you, and which one do you use the most. In this blog, we provide you with a short guide to types of writing genres, with the most common Genre that you should know.

I hope you like it!

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1.what are the seven styles of writing.

The seven most common types of essay writing Narrative Descriptive Expository Persuasive Compare Reflective Personal

Q2. What are the three main genres of literature?

The three major genres are: Drama Poetry Prose

13 Types Of Writing Every Writer Should Master

Do you want to take your writing skills to the next level? Learn the types of writing you can try for your job or fun.

As someone who makes a living writing for other people’s websites, I often adapt my writing style for different audiences and situations. The way I write conveys meaning beyond the words I use or what I say. Some forms of writing paint a picture, convince a reader to act or communicate facts while using reliable sources.

Choosing from the different types of writing and adapting to the requirements of a professor, business, or client is crucial to writing success. Below, I’ll share the different types of writing you can practice to become a better writer .

1. Expository Writing

2. narrative writing, 3. persuasive writing, 4. descriptive writing, 5. technical writing, 6. diary writing, 7. business writing, 8. copywriting, 8. content writing, 10. critical writing, 11. scientific writing, 12. travel writing, 13. blogging, the final word on types of writing, faqs about types of writing.

Expository writing focuses on providing facts and research about a given topic. In this writing style, you’ll explore an idea in detail and expand on that idea using factual statements.

When writing an expository essay, you don’t seek to prove a point, persuade, or evoke emotions. Your goal is to explain something in an objective and balanced way. Here are some examples of expository writing you’re probably familiar with, whether you’ve written them or read them:

Can you see how inserting opinion, bias, or emotion into these types of writing could be problematic? Read our guide to the best essay writing topics .

Stories are everywhere around you and provide ample opportunity for you to express your imagination.

In narrative writing, you tell a story that’s 100 per cent truthful, primarily factual but embellished for reader enjoyment or fiction. Stories are everywhere around you and provide ample opportunity for you to express your imagination.

Examples of the narrative style include:

The journalist Hunter S. Thompson popularised this type of writing in his articles and essays, whereby his journalism often reads like a novel. If you’d like to learn more about this style, read our guide to narrative essays .

In a persuasive essay, your goal is to convince the reader to agree with you through strategic argumentation. To accomplish this, you employ various argumentation techniques like presenting supporting evidence for your argument, laying out points in a logical order that slowly generates buy-in from the reader, and telling a story that evokes emotion to make the case.

Examples of persuasive writing include:

Politicians and leaders use persuasive writing to popularize ideas like Barack Obama’s book The Audacity of Hope . If you’d like to learn more, read our guide to persuasive essays .

Descriptive writing is a type of writing style that overlaps with others in this list. It’s one of the most common types of writing as students often write descriptive essays in school.

One of the essential concepts in descriptive writing is to “show, not tell”. Rather than simply saying what happened, explain the how and the why behind it to paint a picture. You’ll use numerous literary devices to accomplish this, such as:

Foreshadowing

For this writing style, you’ll choose a point of view to relate to readers. The POV can change the tone of the piece, with the third-person often sounding more formal and objective, while the first and second can seem informal. You may need a combination of more than one POV for the piece to work. Examples of POV usage:

If you’d like to learn more, read our guide to descriptive essays .

Technical writing involves communicating something complex in a way the audience can understand. To accomplish this, the technical writer must have in-depth knowledge of the topic they’re explaining and an understanding of the audience’s level of experience.

Technical writing is devoid of personal opinions. Instead, it explains a topic or concept step-by-step or logically. Examples of technical writing include:

If you’d like to learn more, read our guide explaining how to become a technical writer . We also like this technical writing course for engineers from Google .

Diary writing is a more personal form of writing intended to log events in a person’s life and often their emotions. If you think you might be famous someday, keeping diaries could one day be resource materials for your auto-biography!

That point aside, many people use diaries as an external way to process how they’re feeling to deal with anger, regret, grief, fear, jealousy, and sadness. It’s cheaper than therapy.

Diary writing can be a positive experience. People often write about what they’re grateful for, express their joy around fortuitous events in their life, or set life goals and celebrate accomplishments.

Examples of diary writing include

Read our guide explaining the differences between a diary and a journal .

Business writing is a commonly misunderstood type of writing. Many consider business writing stuffy and formal, but it’s a stimulating and well-paying field. A business writer follows a company style guide to convey an idea or concept for internal and, sometimes, external use.

For example, a business writer could take notes from an executive and turn them into a compelling business case for the wider team. They could also articulate the values of a business in everyday concise language for a presentation, pitch deck or company manifesto.

Copywriting describes using words to sell products and services to a target audience. A copywriter produces copy for websites, sales pages and email funnels. They aim to convince readers to act, for example, opting in for a lead magnet with their email address, taking out a trial or buying a product.

A copywriter can also branch into related areas like social media and content writing. Copywriters can earn high-five and even six figures annually by providing this service to companies or clients.

The art of copywriting involves holding the attention of readers. For this reason, it’s a valuable skill for those writing online. A good copywriting formula can help a writer finish an article or blog post quicker.

Learn how to become a copywriter .

Content writing is similar to copywriting. A content writer produces blog posts, articles, ebooks and guides for companies or online businesses. They may also write YouTube video scripts and social media posts.

A content writer typically charges clients a per-word rate, usually between four and ten cents, depending on the complexity of the topic. Content writing has become more popular for freelancers because most online businesses thrive on content.

A well-run niche website, for example, publishes a set number of SEO-optimized articles each month to increase traffic and revenue. The owner of this site depends on a team of knowledgeable content writers to achieve their publication and revenue goals.

If you’d like to try this discipline, read our guide explaining what does a content writer do ?

Poetry is something most writers try for fun. It’s a surprisingly rewarding discipline as a writer can play around with words, imagery and sensory language. Usually, an aspiring poet isn’t trying their hand at this type of writing to supplement their income. Instead, it’s a creative challenge.

Perhaps the most accessible type of poetry to start with is Haiku. It’s a type of Japanese poetry whereby the first line contains five syllables, the second 7 and the third 5. For example, consider this ancient Haiku by Japanese poet Matsuo Bashō:

An old silent pond A frog jumps into the pond— Splash! Silence again.

Haiku is only one form of poetry to explore. Read our guide to the most common types of poetry .

A critic considers a piece of popular media and analyzes it for a general audience. The most obvious example is a film critic who watches a film and then explains, in newspaper articles or online, if readers should watch it.

Critical writing is often subjective rather than objective in that it’s written from the reviewer’s point of view. After all, one person’s art is another’s trash! However, writing reviews requires deep knowledge and understanding of the topic or medium in question… or at least an ability to entertain readers with your point of view.

For more, learn how to get paid to write reviews .

Scientific writing involves writing literature reviews, papers for peer-reviewed journals and even grant proposals. They read the prevailing literature about a topic, review current thinking and then provide a synopsis and evaluation. A scientific writer backs up their argument or points with evidence and citations. Ideally, a scientific writer demonstrates precision, clarity and objectivity.

However, they’re usually writing for an expert audience who understands the topic, prevailing literature, or works in the field. Therefore a scientific writer doesn’t always have to explain basic concepts and ideas as they can assume their audience knows the basics.

Travel writing describes writing about your experiences while visiting a country, city or location. It sounds like a glamorous profession because you get paid to go on holiday!

However, professional travel writers are often under strict deadlines and have to see and do as much as possible in a short period. That often cuts out any socializing. Travel writers also face competition from locals who can write about a location with more expertise than a visitor. Travel writers can earn a nice side income by blogging and writing about their trips online.

For more, read our guide explaining how to become a travel writer .

Blogging is an immensely rewarding form of writing that started in 1997. If you’re going to start a blog today, expect competition. Reportedly over 600 million blogs exist worldwide.

However, a writer can find success more easily if they write within a specific niche about topics readers are searching for, rather than their day or personal lives. The best blogs are self-hosted on WordPress and monetized through display advertising, affiliate promotions, and digital products.

To learn more, read our guide to blogging for writers .

Writers can explore many different styles, from creative to commercial. Selecting the right one depends on the reader, editor, publication and your writing goals . If you’re bored with one style, you can always try another for fun or to flex your creative muscles.

How Do I Choose The Right Writing Style For A Piece?

Consider your audience and the style guide for the publication in question. Identify what type of writing the editor expects for this topic, publication, situation, or brand. Consider how your piece can inform, educate, inspire or entertain readers.

How Can I Learn To Write In Various Styles?

One of the best ways to learn writing styles is to read examples of them. Notice how the writer grabs your attention, unfolds their main points, and communicates with you along the way. Then practice, and ask someone–preferably a writer–to give you some feedback.

How Important Is Grammar In Writing?

Proper grammar enhances communication, while incorrect grammar and spelling can lead to confusion. For some audiences, bad grammar may reflect poorly on your attention to detail or intelligence. Unless you’re intentionally using “bad” grammar as a device to connect with the audience, you should generally avoid it.

Be extra careful about mixing up homonyms, misspelling words, or creating ambiguous sentences. Don’t trust your ability to proofread your work without help. Use a grammar and spell-checker like Grammarly , which has a basic version that’s free of charge.

Other online tools like Hemingway Editor and Yoast Content Analysis can help you refine your writing skills by pointing out, for example, if you overuse passive tense, adverbs, or long sentences.

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Bryan Collins runs things around here. He's also a non-fiction writer and author.

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definitions

What Is An Article? Types & Examples

The man ate an extravagant meal at a fancy restaurant . Ritzy! This classy sentence uses three of some of the most commonly used words: the , a , and an . However, there is more to these words than simply the number of times that we use them. These three words belong to a class of words known as articles . If you want to become a grammar master, it is really important to know how to use articles because of how often they show up in our sentences.

What is an article ?

An article is a word that is used to indicate that a noun is a noun without describing it. For example, in the sentence Nick bought a dog , the article a indicates that the word dog is a noun. Articles can also modify anything that acts as a noun, such as a pronoun or a noun phrase.

Often, a sentence needs an article before a noun in order to make grammatical sense. For example,

❌ Incorrect: I have box. ✅ Correct: I have a box.

❌ Incorrect: She opened door. ✅ Correct: She opened the door.

❌ Incorrect: French is spoken by French. ✅ Correct: French is spoken by the French.

⚡️ Article examples

In English, there are only three articles. They are:

The following sentences show examples of how we use articles in sentences:

Types of articles

We can separate the articles into two different types.

Definite articles

In English, the only definite article is the word the . A definite article has several roles that it performs.

1. A definite article is used to refer to unique things or groups. A definite article can indicate that something is unique and only one of it exists.

2. A definite article is used to refer to specific things that both the speaker and the listener know the identity of.

In writing and speech, the word the is typically used after the speaker or writer first introduces a thing that they are talking about. The word the then references back to this same thing. For example,

We saw birds by the lake. The birds were building nests. (The word the indicates that the birds in the second sentence are the same birds mentioned in the first sentence.)

Indefinite articles

In English, there are two indefinite articles : a and an . A is used before consonants or consonant sounds, and an is used before vowels or vowel sounds. Indefinite articles are basically the reverse of definite articles and have several different roles.

1. Indefinite articles are used to refer to things that aren’t unique.

2. Indefinite articles are used to refer to nonspecific things.

In this same sense, indefinite articles are often used to refer to something as an idea or concept.

Going camping is a fun experience. (This sentence says that the act of “going camping” is an example of something that can be described as “fun experience.”)

Did you know that all articles are determiners, but what exactly is a determiner? Find out here.

3. Indefinite articles are used to refer to things that the speaker and listener don’t know the identity of.

In writing and speech, indefinite articles are often used to introduce the first mention of a noun. Once the noun has been introduced, it is then possible to use a definite article.

A truck drove past. The truck was huge. (The noun truck is introduced with the definite article a . After it is introduced, we can use the to refer back to the same truck.)

Unlike definite articles, it is considered grammatically incorrect to use indefinite articles with plural nouns.

✅ Correct: I have a cat . ❌ Incorrect: I have a cats .

Nouns that don’t take articles

Some nouns do not take articles. Unfortunately, there is no general rule for when this happens, and you’ll just need to learn these instances as you encounter them. Some common types of nouns that don’t typically use articles include:

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Many nouns (including some that fit into the categories above) may take an article only in some instances, depending on how they are used in a sentence. Some examples of this include:

Choose the best word with the Grammar Coach™

We like to think our writing tool, Thesaurus.com Grammar Coach ™, is one of a kind. This writing platform catches grammar and spelling errors, making writing papers, essays, emails, and a whole lot more a whole lot easier. Its Synonym Swap will find the best nouns, adjectives, and more to help say what you really mean, guiding you toward clearer, stronger, writing. Start writing smarter today with Grammar Coach™.

Quick! How many types of nouns can you name? Learn about all of them here.

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Types of journal articles

It is helpful to familiarise yourself with the different types of articles published by journals. Although it may appear there are a large number of types of articles published due to the wide variety of names they are published under, most articles published are one of the following types; Original Research, Review Articles, Short reports or Letters, Case Studies, Methodologies.

Original Research:

This is the most common type of journal manuscript used to publish full reports of data from research. It may be called an Original Article, Research Article, Research, or just Article, depending on the journal. The Original Research format is suitable for many different fields and different types of studies. It includes full Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections.

Short reports or Letters:

These papers communicate brief reports of data from original research that editors believe will be interesting to many researchers, and that will likely stimulate further research in the field. As they are relatively short the format is useful for scientists with results that are time sensitive (for example, those in highly competitive or quickly-changing disciplines). This format often has strict length limits, so some experimental details may not be published until the authors write a full Original Research manuscript. These papers are also sometimes called Brief communications .

Review Articles:

Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a certain topic, and a perspective on the state of the field and where it is heading. They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation from the editors of a journal. Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a full introduction to a field) and highly cited. Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

TIP: If you would like to write a Review but have not been invited by a journal, be sure to check the journal website as some journals to not consider unsolicited Reviews. If the website does not mention whether Reviews are commissioned it is wise to send a pre-submission enquiry letter to the journal editor to propose your Review manuscript before you spend time writing it.

Case Studies:

These articles report specific instances of interesting phenomena. A goal of Case Studies is to make other researchers aware of the possibility that a specific phenomenon might occur. This type of study is often used in medicine to report the occurrence of previously unknown or emerging pathologies.

Methodologies or Methods

These articles present a new experimental method, test or procedure. The method described may either be completely new, or may offer a better version of an existing method. The article should describe a demonstrable advance on what is currently available.

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Pronouns – Definition, Types and Examples

What is a pronoun.

A pronoun is used in place of a specific noun mentioned earlier in a sentence so that you don’t have to keep saying/writing that particular noun.

Pronouns - Definition, Types and Examples

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Types of pronoun:, subject pronouns.

Subject pronouns work as the subject of the verb in a sentence. A subject pronoun normally replaces the subject/object (a noun) of the previous sentence.

Object Pronouns:

Object pronouns work as the object or indirect object in a sentence replacing the antecedent object. This form of the pronoun is also used after prepositions.

Possessive Pronouns:

Possessive pronouns replace the nouns of the possessive adjectives: my, our, your, her, his, their. The possessive pronouns are mine , ours , yours , hers, his, its , theirs . The pronoun ‘who’ also has a possessive form, whose .

You have to take either her car or theirs. Hers is better than theirs. (Here, ‘her’ is possessive adjective and ‘hers’ and ‘theirs’ are possessive pronouns which replaced ‘her car’ and ‘their car’)

Reflexive Pronouns:

Reflexive pronoun redirects a sentence or a clause back to the subject, which is also the direct object of that sentence. A reflexive pronoun comes when the subject performs its action upon itself. Here, ‘itself’ is a reflexive pronoun.

Intensive Pronouns:

Intensive pronouns add emphasis/importance but do not act as the object in the sentence. They can appear right after the subject.

Relative Pronouns:

Relative pronouns introduce the relative clause. They are used to make clear what is being talked about in a sentence. They describe something more about the subject or the object.

The relative pronouns are:

Demonstrative Pronouns:

Demonstrative pronouns normally indicate the closeness of or distance from the speaker, either literally or symbolically. This , these , that, and those are the demonstrative pronouns. They also work as demonstrative adjectives when they modify a noun. However, demonstrative pronouns do not modify anything rather replace the nouns/noun phrases.

Sometimes neither, none and such are also used as demonstrative pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns:

Interrogative pronouns produce questions. They are what, which, who, whom , and whose .

Who, whom , and whose refer to questions related to a person or animal; what refers to an idea, object, or event; and which can indicate either a person/s or a thing/s.

Unsupervised Learning Explained Using K-Means Clustering

Different learning methods and patterns are generally associated with the human mind. The visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and reading/writing methods of learning are widely recognized as the four primary methods by which humans learn. The utility of these learning methods varies from person to person. While Jack may learn more effectively by reading a book and writing key points from what he has learned, Jill may learn more effectively by doing and putting what she has learned into action, which is the kinesthetic form of learning.

Machine learning models, like humans, can learn patterns in data in a variety of ways. There are two main methods of learning: supervised and unsupervised learning. These learning methods, similar to humans, may be great for some use cases but may not be as effective when applied to other problems.

In this article, we will look at the various machine learning methods, their differences, and their respective use cases. Then, we’ll take a closer look at how unsupervised learning works by studying the k-means clustering algorithm and implementing it in Python. It is recommended that you are familiar with the Python programming language in order to follow along with this article.

Types of Machine Learning Methods

As previously stated, there are two methods for training a machine learning model: supervised and unsupervised learning.

Supervised Learning

This training method involves feeding labeled data to the machine learning algorithm and allowing it to find patterns in the data. Labeled data is data that has a tag, or, better yet- a description. In essence, the algorithm understands the meaning of the data or its relevance.

Consider data containing images of animals and their names. A picture of a cat, for example, is labeled with the name: cat, as are pictures of dogs, birds, and all other animals. With this information, the algorithm can use the animal names to find similarities between the images. As a result, when tested with an image of a cat it has never seen before, it can infer from previous data that the image presented is of a cat.

There are two types of supervised learning: classification and regression. Predicting a discrete output, such as whether it will rain today or the name of an animal, is what classification is all about. Regression, on the other hand, predicts continuous values such as the price of a house or an employee’s salary. Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Decision Trees are examples of supervised learning algorithms. Supervised learning is frequently used to solve problems like weather forecasting, sales forecasting, and stock price analysis.

The next we’ll discuss unsupervised learning.

Unsupervised Learning

Unsupervised learning is the polar opposite of supervised learning. Knowing this, you’ll understand that it entails training machine learning algorithms on unlabeled data. It is unlabeled because it has no tag or description. The goal of unsupervised learning is to find patterns in data and classify it into different sets based on similarities.

Consider another image dataset, but this time without any labels. The unsupervised algorithm finds similarities between these images and categorizes them based on how similar they are. The catch here is that the algorithm is unaware that the group of images are of cats, while the others are of dogs. It simply determines that these images should be grouped together based on their similarities.

Clustering and association are the two types of unsupervised learning. Clustering involves the algorithm grouping similar data points together, such as grouping cats and dogs together because they are animals and grouping books and pencils together because they are stationary objects. Association, on the other hand, measures the likelihood of two things being related.

A good example of this can be illustrated by training an unsupervised algorithm on grocery data. It will most likely group bread and butter together because they are for the most part purchased together. Furthermore, clustering is concerned with samples (rows of data), whereas association is concerned with variables.

K-Means Clustering, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, and Principal Component Analysis are examples of unsupervised learning algorithms (PCA). These algorithms can be used to solve customer segmentation, churn analysis, cross-selling strategies, and image segmentation problems.

K-Means Clustering: What Is It?

Before delving into the concept of K-Means Clustering, it is necessary to first define a cluster. A cluster is a group of data points that have been brought together due to certain similarities . The value of K chosen determines the number of clusters. There are two methods for determining the value of K. The first is to use trial and error methods, which can take time and may not produce the required accuracy. The Elbow method or Silhouette method are two better ways to select the value of K.

Now, let’s talk about K-Means clustering. K-Means clustering is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm that groups similar data points together into clusters based on similarities. The value of K determines the number of clusters. K-Means clustering is a form of partitional clustering, which separates a data set into sets of separate clusters.

K-Means Clustering: How It Works?

Next let’s understand how it works.

This is how K-Means clustering is executed:

Implementing K-Means Clustering In Python

For the Python implementation of K-Means clustering we’ll use the sklearn library to access the K-Means algorithm and the matplotlib library for visualization in this article.

We start by importing the necessary libraries:

import numpy as np import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from sklearn.cluster import KMeans

Following that, we generate some random data to train the algorithm. The following code generates 1500 data points in 2D space.

# Generating random data np.random.seed(0) n_samples = 1500 X = np.random.randn(n_samples, 2)

The next step will be to apply the K-Means algorithm to the above data. The number of clusters is set to 3 in the code below, but you can experiment with different numbers to see what happens.

# Applying K-means clustering kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=3) kmeans.fit(X) y_kmeans = kmeans.predict(X)

Finally, to see the clustering result, use the code below to visualize it:

# Visualizing the results plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=y_kmeans, s=50, cmap=’viridis’) centers = kmeans.cluster_centers_ plt.scatter(centers[:, 0], centers[:, 1], c=’black’, s=200, alpha=0.5); plt.title(‘K-means clustering’) plt.show()

Here’s the result for a cluster of 3:

For a cluster of 4, here’s the result:

And lastly for a cluster of 5:

At a certain point, increasing the number of cluster will stretch the clusters too thin for there to be any strong similarity between the data points. Hence it is advisible to use the Elbow or Silhouette methods to find out the optimal number of clusters required.

In this article, we offered an overview of two types of machine learning methods. This helps one better understand what is unsupervised learning with the K-Means clustering algorithm. This algorithm is useful for image segmentation, customer segmentation, and anomaly detection in real-world applications.

However, K-means clustering has limitations, including sensitivity to initial centroid placement and the assumption of equal variance within each cluster. As a result, it is critical to evaluate the clustering algorithm’s performance using appropriate metrics and consider alternative approaches if the results are not satisfactory.

That’s all for now, see you at our next article.✌

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The anatomy of a good design: an analysis of 4 sites.

Summary: Visually pleasing designs use consistent type styles and spacing, create a visual hierarchy, and utilize an underlying grid structure.

By Sarah Gibbons, Kelley Gordon

on 2023-03-05 March 5, 2023

In a previous article we broke down why three designs look good. In this article we will analyze four additional user-interface designs and discuss the visual-design principles that make them attractive. Afterall, how something looks affects the perception of how well it functions.

Example 1: Comfortable Editing Experience

Our first example is from Dovetail , a data-analysis platform. This design used a grid, a type system, and consistent iconography to create a comfortable editing and reading experience.

Alignment to a grid. A 3-column grid acted as a base to which elements are aligned. The leftmost grid line provided a vertical anchor for the sidebar navigation. The middle column of text was also left aligned to a grid line, and the rightmost grid line separated the tags and comments area. Setting up a grid in your designs will keep elements aligned consistently across different screens.

Type styles for different types of content. Dovetail used a single font family to provide a consistent typographic experience. Within this font family, there were multiple type text styles and color variations (navy blue and gray). Each variation was used to differentiate between types of content, thus taking advantage of the Gestalt law of similarity . For example, in the sidebar navigation, Add a view and New tag board are both unbolded and gray indicating they were the same type of action (creation Avoid using many different type styles in your design, so you do not overwhelm your users.

Text-line spacing and length. The large text block was airy due to its generous leading (i.e., the distance between the baselines of two consecutive lines of text) and, together with the relatively short line length, allowed for comfortable reading (and editing) experience, since the eye could easily locate the next line down.

Visually consistent icons. The many icons used in Dovetail’s app shared line thickness, slightly rounded corners, and looked similar in size. These small details create a unified icon set and bring polish to your design. However, remember that icons are always more easily recognized and, according to Fitts’s law , faster to tap if they have labels .

Example 2: Modular Grid

Our second example is from MoMA (Museum of Modern Art)’s website . This design utilizes a modular grid structure, a fun color palette, and imagery to create an exciting, appealing visual experience.

Asymmetrical balance. Balance is the satisfying arrangement or proportion of design elements and occurs when there is an equally distributed amount of visual signal on both sides of an imaginary axis. In this case, this imaginary axis runs vertically through the middle of the screen (in orange). If you look at the design elements on either side of this axis, you will see colorful blocks of text and images that alternate on both sides. This weaving effect creates a sense of balance, as well as a sense of energy and movement, begging us to engage with it. No one element, or in this case exhibition, is more important than the others.

The type of balance that you should use in your designs depends on what you want to convey. Asymmetrical balance, like in this example, is dynamic and engaging, whereas symmetrical balance is quiet and static.

Playful color use. MOMA uses a complex, yet playful color system in its design. Its color system is constantly evolving as new exhibitions are added to the site and old exhibitions conclude. These playful color blocks encourage the user to click and discover. More importantly, colors are used consistently throughout the site. For example, the hot pink used for the Refik Anadol exhibit on this homepage, is also used on the specific exhibit page.

Content styling. The typographic styling and color use make the content blocks feel special, allowing them to stand on their own if needed. Although the content changes, the type treatment remains consistent and the only variation is in text size (large vs. small).

Meaningful imagery. Images provide a glimpse into what each exhibit offers, rather than being purely decorative. They are cropped appropriately, with the most important element still in view. Your images should add value to your page — for example, by adding supplementary information and detail about a product or concept. Make sure your cropped images make sense, especially at different screen sizes .

Modular grid structure. These content blocks and images are laid out on a modular grid structure with both rows and columns (or modules). At this desktop size, rows are made up of 3 consistently sized modules. The colorful blocks of text take up one complete module and their corresponding images take up 2 modules each. This type of grid structure is very flexible and allows for many combinations, making it suitable for lots of different designs.

Example 3: Monochromatic Color Palette and Symmetrical Imagery

Our third example is from Aesop , a luxury skincare company. This design utilizes a monochromatic color palette and negative space to create a refined, clean interface.

Monochromatic color palette. Color palettes are sets of colors that have been selected for a particular project, brand, or set of designs. Each individual color plays a role and adds to the visual appeal of the interface. Aesop’s monochromatic color palette is harmonious — though the muted yellows used for the background are similar, slight variations differentiate among the navigation and title area, the product area, and the hover state (in the screenshot above, the item in the middle). Gray and black work together to create a visual hierarchy for typography (black for primary text and gray for secondary).

Monochromatic color palettes are the easiest to create and apply and require little visual-design experience. By limiting your palette to 3-4 colors, you will be able to easily convey visual hierarchy and contrast because there will be fewer elements to overwhelm or distract users.

Uniform secondary content. Aesop’s design is especially good looking for three primary reasons. First, it uses two stroke widths (the top one bold to separate the main product from its attributes, the bottom ones lighter to separate the attributes). Second, type variation (bold for the attribute labels and normal for the attribute values) allows the eye to quickly focus on whatever attribute is most important for that particular user. Third, alignment to a grid makes the design looked polished and clean, while also facilitating scanning. Each item’s secondary content has same height and padding and is left-aligned to the same grid line. In the screenshot below, you can see the same visual system for secondary content applied on individual item pages to organize additional information.

Aesop Example of Consistent Secondary Info

Symmetrical imagery. Symmetry makes an interface feel balanced and predictable. Aesop uses symmetrical imagery to balance and anchor each product. The imagery is centered within the column and anchored to the same baseline. This gives the interface visual order — everything else within the column can center on the same axis: product title and size, the secondary-content lines, and the Add to cart button.

Consistent, fixed heights. When designing responsive websites, widths, heights, and paddings may adjust depending on the overall width of your user’s window. However, within each responsive range, consistent, fixed widths help designs look aesthetically pleasing and refined. In the above Aesop example, interface elements such as the Filter by button, the Suited to ’ and Skin feel secondary information rows, and the Add to cart button have the same height, regardless of window width.

Example 4: Simple and Plain

Our fourth example is from Superhuman, an email client. This example proves that you do not need color, fancy icons, or imagery to make a design look good. Even a simple interface can look aesthetically pleasing if it leverages basic principles of visual design.

Scale to create hierarchy. In simple, text-oriented interfaces, varying your text size creates visual hierarchy and clarity, while also breaking up what would otherwise be a wall of text. The email subject Closing our deal has the largest type size to appropriately indicate its relative importance on the page. To use scale to create hierarchy in your own designs, first identify what is most important. Make this component 30–50% larger than other components.

Subtle drop shadows. Drop shadows and gradients add depth and create differentiation between UI elements. However, they can also be misused and overused. In the Superhuman example, drop shadows create a focus area (the email thread) and differentiate it from additional information (the navigation and details about the sender). The drop shadows also help the user identify the primary buttons (the close X and paging arrows).

When applying drop shadows and gradients in your own designs:

Foreground and background distinction. The best way to visually breakup an interface is with a shift of background colors. This shift creates the illusion of a foreground (which will draw the users’ attention first) and background. In Superhuman’s example, the email thread is on a white background, while the sender’s information is on light gray. If they were both the same color, the interface would lack depth and it would be harder to distinguish between different areas of the interface ad their relative importance.

When using background color to create distinction in your interface, choose colors that are the same saturation. For example, white pairs well with light gray, while black pairs well with dark gray. If your background is a color, choose a secondary monochromatic as your foreground color.

Varying type styles within a consistent font family. Superhuman uses different type styles from within the same font family (small caps and bold) and slight changes in color (green, black, and gray) to differentiate between different types of content and focus the user. For example, Draft is the same font and size as the rest of the header to Laura Shea , but the change in color keeps the design from feeling flat and makes it easy to scan, while also appropriately differentiating the state of the email (draft versus sent).

As a rule of thumb, identify a typographic system and consistently use the same type variant or style (color, bold, small caps) for the same purpose. You see this recommendation in practice in Superhuman’s example:

It takes careful consideration to create good-looking designs. Following visual-design principles is the first step in producing a beautiful design.

About the Authors

Sarah Gibbons is Vice President of Nielsen Norman Group. She works at the intersection of design research, strategy, and user experience design.

Kelley Gordon is a Digital Design Lead with Nielsen Norman Group. She leads NN/g’s digital design and strategy, including the NN/g website and conference platform, newsletter, and Instagram account. Kelley is the visual design resource at NN/g and is passionate about utilizing visuals to explain complex concepts and bring clarity to users’ experiences.

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Retail Operations

What Are Retail Operations?

Retail operations are the processes and activities involved in running a retail business. It establishes strong relationships with suppliers, manages inventory levels, and optimizes logistics processes. Well-trained and engaged employees are essential to the success of retail operations.

You are free to use this image on your website, templates, etc., Please provide us with an attribution link How to Provide Attribution? Article Link to be Hyperlinked For eg: Source: Retail Operations (wallstreetmojo.com)

It aims to ensure that a retail business operates efficiently, maximizes sales, and delivers a positive shopping experience. Therefore, it encompasses all the activities involved in managing a store or a chain of stores.

Retail operations explained.

5S of retail operations

How To Improve?

Frequently asked questions (faqs), recommended articles, key takeaways.

Retail operations is a set of processes and activities involved in the management of a retail business, including the design and layout of stores, the selection and sourcing of products to sell, the management of inventory levels and supply chain logistics, the execution of sales and marketing strategies, and the provision of excellent customer service.

Retail operations play a critical role in the success of a retail business. Here are some key reasons why retail functions are essential:

There are several types of retail operations, and the kind of operation a business uses can depend on the specific business model , target market , and industry. However, here are some common types of it:

5S Of Retail Operations

The 5S of retail operations is a system of organizing and managing a retail store or warehouse designed to improve efficiency and productivity. The five S’s stand for:

Let us understand it in the following ways.

Suppose a new retail business called “Green Market” plans to open its first store in a busy urban area. The company aims to offer eco-friendly and sustainable products, including organic food, natural cleaning supplies, and reusable household items. In addition, green Market plans to implement the 5S system to ensure efficient retail operations, sorting and organizing all products by category and labeling each item with a QR code for easy tracking. The store will also have a mobile app that allows customers to browse and order products for delivery or pickup.

These efforts will help Green Market create a streamlined and efficient retail operation aligned with its sustainability and environmental responsibility values.

In 2020, Target Corporation announced a significant expansion of its retail operations by opening small-format stores in various cities across the United States. These stores, typically less than 50,000 square feet, are designed to offer customers a more convenient and personalized shopping experience in urban areas. The stores feature curated product assortments, digital shopping tools, and same-day delivery services, among other features. This expansion of Target’s retail operations aimed to reach new customers and increase the company’s market share .

There are several ways to improve retail operations, and here are some examples:

Retail operations management manages the various functions and techniques of a business’s day-to-day operations. This includes managing inventory, supply chain logistics, store layout and design, sales and marketing, and customer service.

While wholesale and retail operations differ regarding their customer base and pricing models, they play essential roles in the distribution chain. Wholesalers enable manufacturers to sell their products in large quantities and help retailers stock their stores with various goods. Retailers, in turn, provide a convenient and accessible way for customers to purchase goods and provide valuable feedback to manufacturers and wholesalers about product demand and trends.

Its four primary functions of it are Merchandising, Sales, and Marketing. Inventory Management. Store Operations. These functions are closely interrelated and depend on each other to operate smoothly. Therefore, effective management of these functions is critical to the success of a retail operation.

This article has been a guide to what are retail operations. Here, we explain the topic in detail, with its types, examples, 5s, and how to improve it. You may also find some helpful articles here –

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