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Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology
- Edited By:
- Alexander W Chao ( SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, USA ) and
- Weiren Chou ( Fermilab )
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Since its invention in the 1920s, particle accelerators have made tremendous progress in accelerator science, technology and applications. However, the fundamental acceleration principle, namely, to apply an external radiofrequency (RF) electric field to accelerate charged particles, remains unchanged. As this method (either room temperature RF or superconducting RF) is approaching its intrinsic limitation in acceleration gradient (measured in MeV/m), it becomes apparent that new methods with much higher acceleration gradient (measured in GeV/m) must be found for future very high energy accelerators as well as future compact (table-top or room-size) accelerators. This volume introduces a number of advanced accelerator concepts (AAC) — their principles, technologies and potential applications. For the time being, none of them stands out as a definitive direction in which to go. But these novel ideas are in hot pursuit and look promising. Furthermore, some AAC requires a high power laser system. This has the implication of bringing two different communities — accelerator and laser — to join forces and work together. It will have profound impact on the future of our field.
Also included are two special articles, one on "Particle Accelerators in China' which gives a comprehensive overview of the rapidly growing accelerator community in China. The other features the person-of-the-issue who was well-known nuclear physicist Jerome Lewis Duggan, a pioneer and founder of a huge community of industrial and medical accelerators in the US.
Sample Chapter(s) Chapter 1: Roadmap to the Future (1,840 KB)
- Editorial Preface
- Roadmap to the Future (E R Colby and L K Len)
- Laser-Driven Plasma Electron Acceleration and Radiation (K Nakajima)
- Electron and Positron Beam-Driven Plasma Acceleration (M J Hogan)
- Proton-Beam-Driven Plasma Acceleration (E Adli and P Muggli)
- Dielectric Laser Accelerators: Designs, Experiments, and Applications (K P Wootton, J McNeur and K J Leedle)
- Dielectric Wakefield Accelerators (C Jing)
- Laser Technology for Advanced Acceleration: Accelerating Beyond TeV (J Wheeler, G Mourou and T Tajima)
- Simulations for Plasma and Laser Acceleration (J-L Vay and Remi Lehe)
- Luminosity Limitations of Linear Colliders Based on Plasma Acceleration (V Lebedev, A Burov and S Nagaitsev)
- Application of Advanced Accelerator Concepts for Colliders (D Schulte)
- Advanced Accelerators for Medical Applications (M Uesaka and K Koyama)
- Book Review — Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators (Revised Ed) (W A Barletta)
- Particle Accelerators in China (C Zhang and S-X Fang)
- Jerome Lewis Duggan: A Nuclear Physicist and a Well-Known, Six-Decade Accelerator Applications Conference (CAARI) Organizer (F D McDaniel and B L Doyle)
FRONT MATTER
- Alexander W. Chao and
- Weiren Chou
- Pages: i–vii
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_fmatter
Roadmap to the Future
- Eric R. Colby and
- Pages: 1–18
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0001
Most particle accelerators today are expensive devices found only in the largest laboratories, industries, and hospitals. Using techniques developed nearly a century ago, the limiting performance of these accelerators is often traceable to material limitations, power source capabilities, and the cost tolerance of the application. Advanced accelerator concepts aim to increase the gradient of accelerators by orders of magnitude, using new power sources (e.g. lasers and relativistic beams) and new materials (e.g. dielectrics, metamaterials, and plasmas). Worldwide, research in this area has grown steadily in intensity since the 1980s, resulting in demonstrations of accelerating gradients that are orders of magnitude higher than for conventional techniques. While research is still in the early stages, these techniques have begun to demonstrate the potential to radically change accelerators, making them much more compact, and extending the reach of these tools of science into the angstrom and attosecond realms. Maturation of these techniques into robust, engineered devices will require sustained interdisciplinary, collaborative R&D and coherent use of test infrastructure worldwide. The outcome can potentially transform how accelerators are used.
Laser-Driven Plasma Electron Acceleration and Radiation
- Kazuhisa Nakajima
- Pages: 19–61
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0002
Laser-driven plasma acceleration of electron beams is reviewed from the viewpoint of the underlying physics and recent progress in the experimental research. Betatron radiation cogenerated from laser plasma accelerators is mentioned in terms of electron beam dynamics and the radiation spectrum. At the end, future perspectives of possible applications are presented.
Electron and Positron Beam–Driven Plasma Acceleration
- Mark J. Hogan
- Pages: 63–83
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0003
Particle accelerators are the ultimate microscopes. They produce high energy beams of particles — or, in some cases, generate X-ray laser pulses — to probe the fundamental particles and forces that make up the universe and to explore the building blocks of life. But it takes huge accelerators, like the Large Hadron Collider or the two-mile-long SLAC linac, to generate beams with enough energy and resolving power. If we could achieve the same thing with accelerators just a few meters long, accelerators and particle colliders could be much smaller and cheaper. Since the first theoretical work in the early 1980s, an exciting series of experiments have aimed at accelerating electrons and positrons to high energies in a much shorter distance by having them “surf” on waves of hot, ionized gas like that found in fluorescent light tubes. Electron-beam-driven experiments have measured the integrated and dynamic aspects of plasma focusing, the bright flux of high energy betatron radiation photons, particle beam refraction at the plasma–neutral-gas interface, and the structure and amplitude of the accelerating wakefield. Gradients spanning kT/m to MT/m for focusing and 100MeV/m to 50 GeV/m for acceleration have been excited in meter-long plasmas with densities of 10 14 –10 17 cm −3 , respectively. Positron-beam-driven experiments have evidenced the more complex dynamic and integrated plasma focusing, 100MeV/m to 5 GeV/m acceleration in linear and nonlinear plasma waves, and explored the dynamics of hollow channel plasma structures. Strongly beam-loaded plasma waves have accelerated beams of electrons and positrons with hundreds of pC of charge to over 5 GeV in meter scale plasmas with high efficiency and narrow energy spread. These “plasma wakefield acceleration” experiments have been mounted by a diverse group of accelerator, laser and plasma researchers from national laboratories and universities around the world. This article reviews the basic principles of plasma wakefield acceleration with electron and positron beams, the current state of understanding, the push for first applications and the long range R&D roadmap toward a high energy collider.
Proton-Beam-Driven Plasma Acceleration
- Erik Adli and
- Patric Muggli
- Pages: 85–104
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0004
We describe the main ideas, promises and challenges related to proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. Existing high-energy proton beams have the potential to accelerate electron beams to the TeV scale in a single plasma stage. In order to drive a wake effectively the available beams must be either highly compressed or microbunched. The self-modulation instability has been suggested as a way to microbunch the proton beams. The AWAKE project at CERN is currently the only planned proton-driven plasma acceleration experiment. A self-modulated CERN SPS beam will be used to drive a plasma wake. We describe the design choices and experimental setup for AWAKE, and discuss briefly the short-term objectives as well as longer-term ideas for the project.
Dielectric Laser Accelerators: Designs, Experiments, and Applications
- K. P. Wootton ,
- J. McNeur , and
- K. J. Leedle
- Pages: 105–126
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0005
Novel laser-powered accelerating structures at the miniaturized scale of an optical wavelength (∼1 μ m) open a pathway to high repetition rate, attosecond scale electron bunches that can be accelerated with gradients exceeding 1 GeV/m. Although the theoretical and computational study of dielectric laser accelerators dates back many decades, recently the first experimental realizations of this novel class of accelerators have been demonstrated. We review recent developments in fabrication, testing, and demonstration of these micron scale devices. In particular, prospects for applications of this accelerator technology are evaluated.
Dielectric Wakefield Accelerators
- Chunguang Jing
- Pages: 127–149
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0006
Dielectric-structure-based wakefield acceleration provides a viable approach to achieving the luminosity, efficiency, and cost requirements of a future linear collider as well as future x-ray light sources. This technology is capable of accelerating electrons and positrons at the substantially high gradients needed. Important progress in the development of dielectric wakefield accelerators has been made both experimentally and theoretically in the past few years. In this article we provide an overview of the basics of dielectric wakefield acceleration and major developments to date.
Laser Technology for Advanced Acceleration: Accelerating Beyond TeV
- Jonathan Wheeler ,
- Gérard Mourou , and
- Toshiki Tajima
- Pages: 151–163
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0007
The implementation of the suggestion of thin film compression (TFC) allows the newest class of high power, ultrafast laser pulses (typically 20 fs at near-infrared wavelengths) to be compressed to the limit of a single-cycle laser pulse (2 fs). Its simplicity and high efficiency, as well as its accessibility to a single-cycle laser pulse, introduce a new regime of laser–plasma interaction that enhances laser acceleration. Single-cycle laser acceleration of ions is a far more efficient and coherent process than the known laser-ion acceleration mechanisms. The TFC-derived single-cycle optical pulse is capable of inducing a single-cycle X-ray laser pulse (with a far shorter pulse length and thus an extremely high intensity) through relativistic compression. The application of such an X-ray pulse leads to the novel regime of laser wakefield acceleration of electrons in the X-ray regime, yielding a prospect of “TeV on a chip.” This possibility of single-cycle X-ray pulses heralds zeptosecond and EW lasers (and zeptoscience). The additional invention of the coherent amplification network (CAN) fiber laser pushes the frontier of high repetition, high efficiency lasers, which are the hallmark of needed applications such as laser-driven LWFA colliders and other, societal applications. CAN addresses the crucial aspect of intense lasers that have traditionally lacked the above properties.
Simulations for Plasma and Laser Acceleration
- Jean-Luc Vay and
- Pages: 165–186
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0008
Computer simulations have had a profound impact on the design and understanding of past and present plasma acceleration experiments, and will be a key component for turning plasma accelerators from a promising technology into a mainstream scientific tool. In this article, we present an overview of the numerical techniques used with the most popular approaches to model plasma-based accelerators: electromagnetic particle-in-cell, quasistatic and ponderomotive guiding center. The material that is presented is intended to serve as an introduction to the basics of those approaches, and to advances (some of them very recent) that have pushed the state of the art, such as the optimal Lorentz-boosted frame, advanced laser envelope solvers and the elimination of numerical Cherenkov instability. The particle-in-cell method, which has broader interest and is more standardized, is presented in more depth. Additional topics that are cross-cutting, such as azimuthal Fourier decomposition or filtering, are also discussed, as well as potential challenges and remedies in the initialization of simulations and output of data. Examples of simulations using the techniques that are presented have been left out of this article for conciseness, and because simulation results are best understood when presented together, and contrasted with theoretical and/or experimental results, as in other articles of this volume.
Luminosity Limitations of Linear Colliders Based on Plasma Acceleration
- Valeri Lebedev ,
- Alexey Burov , and
- Sergei Nagaitsev
- Pages: 187–207
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0009
Particle acceleration in plasma creates a possibility of exceptionally high accelerating gradients and appears to be a very attractive option for future linear electron–positron and/or γ–γ colliders. These high accelerating gradients have already been demonstrated in a number of experiments. However, a linear collider requires exceptionally high beam brightness which still needs to be demonstrated. In this article we discuss major phenomena which limit the beam brightness of accelerated beam and, consequently, the collider luminosity.
Application of Advanced Accelerator Concepts for Colliders
- Daniel Schulte
- Pages: 209–233
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0010
In this article the potential application of advanced accelerator concepts to future high energy colliders is discussed. The emphasis is on lepton colliders, since the advanced technologies appear to be most applicable in this field.
Advanced Accelerators for Medical Applications
- Mitsuru Uesaka and
- Kazuyoshi Koyama
- Pages: 235–260
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0011
We review advanced accelerators for medical applications with respect to the following key technologies: (i) higher RF electron linear accelerator (hereafter “linac”); (ii) optimization of alignment for the proton linac, cyclotron and synchrotron; (iii) superconducting magnet; (iv) laser technology. Advanced accelerators for medical applications are categorized into two groups. The first group consists of compact medical linacs with high RF, cyclotrons and synchrotrons downsized by optimization of alignment and superconducting magnets. The second group comprises laserbased acceleration systems aimed of medical applications in the future. Laser plasma electron/ion accelerating systems for cancer therapy and laser dielectric accelerating systems for radiation biology are mentioned. Since the second group has important potential for a compact system, the current status of the established energy and intensity and of the required stability are given.
Book Review — Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators (Revised and Expanded Edition, by Andrew Sessler and Edmund Wilson, World Scientific, 2007)
- William A. Barletta
- Pages: 261–263
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0012
In the first edition of Engines of Discovery . Andrew Sessler and Edmund Wilson presented their compelling case for considering particle accelerators to be the most readily recognizable characteristic of “big science.” That book, written in highly readable language, aimed at illuminating the rich and expanding dimensions of an intellectual enterprise that remains far too little known to the general public and even to many academics outside of the scientific fields dominated by accelerators as their most consequential single research tool…
Particle Accelerators in China
- Chuang Zhang and
- Shouxian Fang
- Pages: 265–312
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0013
As the special machines that can accelerate charged particle beams to high energy by using electromagnetic fields, particle accelerators have been widely applied in scientific research and various areas of society. The development of particle accelerators in China started in the early 1950s. After a brief review of the history of accelerators, this article describes in the following sections: particle colliders, heavy-ion accelerators, high-intensity proton accelerators, accelerator-based light sources, pulsed power accelerators, small scale accelerators, accelerators for applications, accelerator technology development and advanced accelerator concepts. The prospects of particle accelerators in China are also presented.
Jerome Lewis Duggan: A Nuclear Physicist and a Well-Known, Six-Decade Accelerator Application Conference (CAARI) Organizer
- Floyd Del McDaniel and
- Barney L. Doyle
- Pages: 313–335
https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813209589_0014
Jerry Duggan was an experimental MeV-accelerator-based nuclear and atomic physicist who, over the past few decades, played a key role in the important transition of this field from basic to applied physics. His fascination for and application of particle accelerators spanned almost 60 years, and led to important discoveries in the following fields: accelerator-based analysis (accelerator mass spectrometry, ion beam techniques, nuclear-based analysis, nuclear microprobes, neutron techniques); accelerator facilities, stewardship, and technology development; accelerator applications (industrial, medical, security and defense, and teaching with accelerators); applied research with accelerators (advanced synthesis and modification, radiation effects, nanosciences and technology); physics research (atomic and molecular physics, and nuclear physics); and many other areas and applications. Here we describe Jerry’s physics education at the University of North Texas (B. S. and M. S.) and Louisiana State University (Ph.D.). We also discuss his research at UNT, LSU, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory, his involvement with the industrial aspects of accelerators, and his impact on many graduate students, colleagues at UNT and other universities, national laboratories, and industry and acquaintances around the world. Along the way, we found it hard not to also talk about his love of family, sports, fishing, and other recreational activities. While these were significant accomplishments in his life, Jerry will be most remembered for his insight in starting and his industry in maintaining and growing what became one of the most diverse accelerator conferences in the world — the International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry, or what we all know as CAARI. Through this conference, which he ran almost single-handed for decades, Jerry came to know, and became well known by, literally thousands of atomic and nuclear physicists, accelerator engineers and vendors, medical doctors, cultural heritage ... the list goes on and on. While thousands of his acquaintances already miss Jerry, this is being felt most by his family and us (B.D. and F.D.M).
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Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology
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Reviews of accelerator science and technology: volume 5 – applications of superconducting technology to accelerators, edited by alexander w. chao and weiren chou, scope: review. level: specialist, scientists, engineers.
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Accelerator technology has much progressed through processes, for realizing big accelerator projects, using such superconducting technology for magnets and/or RF cavities. In this report, we focus on… Expand Highly Influenced PDF View 4 excerpts, cites methods and background
One of the breakthrough accelerator technologies that support this exponential growth is superconducting technology. Recognizing this major technological advance, we dedicate Volume 5 of Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST) to superconducting technology and its applications.
Accelerators are the most powerful microscopes for viewing the tiniest inner structure of cells, genes, molecules, atoms and their constituents such as protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos and quarks. This opens up a whole new world for materials science, chemistry and molecular biology.
DOI: 10.1142/8721 Corpus ID: 63602846; Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology: Volume 5: Applications of Superconducting Technology to Accelerators @inproceedings{Chao2013ReviewsOA, title={Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology: Volume 5: Applications of Superconducting Technology to Accelerators}, author={Alexander Wu Chao and Weiren Chou}, year={2013} }
Recommend to Library. Since its invention in the 1920s, particle accelerators have made tremendous progress in accelerator science, technology and applications. However, the fundamental acceleration principle, namely, to apply an external radiofrequency (RF) electric field to accelerate charged particles, remains unchanged.
Science Technology Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology: Volume 5 - Applications of Superconducting Technology to Accelerators, edited by Alexander W. Chao and Weiren Chou...
Start reading 📖 Reviews Of Accelerator Science And Technology, Volume 1 for free online and get access to an unlimited library of academic and non-fiction books on Perlego.
Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Vol. 1 (2008) v-vi c World Scientific Publishing Company. Editorial Preface. This is the inaugural volume of the journal Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology. Particle accelerators are a major invention of the 20th century.
Start reading 📖 Reviews Of Accelerator Science And Technology - Volume 6: Accelerators For High Intensity Beams for free online and get access to an unlimited library of academic and non-fiction books on Perlego.
Since its invention in the 1920s, particle accelerators have made tremendous progress in accelerator science, technology and applications. However, the fundamental acceleration principle, namely, to apply an external radiofrequency (RF) electric field to accelerate charged particles, remains unchanged. As this method (either room temperature RF or superconducting RF) is approaching its ...
The theme of this volume, ?Medical Applications of Accelerators?, is of enormous importance to human health and has a deep impact on our society.The invention of particle accelerators in the early 20th century created a whole new world for producing energetic X-rays, electrons, protons, neutrons and other particle beams. Immediately these beams found revolutionary applications in medicine.
Recognizing this major technological advance, we dedicate Volume 5 of Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology (RAST) to superconducting technology and its applications.Two major applications are superconducting magnets (SC magnets) and superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities. SC magnets provide much higher magnetic field than their ...
Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology: Volume 5 - Applications of Superconducting Technology to Accelerators, edited by Alexander W. Chao and Weiren Chou ... 48 hours access to article PDF & online version; Article PDF can be downloaded; Article PDF can be printed; USD 55.00 Add to cart PDF download + Online access ...
Particle accelerators are a major invention of the 20th century. In the last eight decades, they have evolved enormously and have fundamentally changed the way we live, think and work. Accelerators are the most powerful microscopes for viewing the tiniest inner structure of cells, genes, molecules, atoms and their constituents such as protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos and quarks. This ...
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RF technology in recent years. The 'crown jewel' of these efforts is to have an on-site particle accelerator based on this technology. The Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) Electron Injector is to be such an instrument. FAST is conceived to be an Advanced Accelerator R&D (AARD) facility to be constructed and brought into